Only Microsoft has avoided borrowing from debt markets recently. Total debt issuance has increased substantially from an average of $28 billion over the past five years.

The surge in debt has exacerbated U.S. investment-grade credit spread widening from 74 basis points in mid-September to 84 basis points in mid-November. Alphabet and Meta both paid around 10-15 basis points over their existing debt for these new offerings, indicating investor caution. Oracle’s long-term bonds have faced scrutiny, declining by about 8% and trading at 65 cents on the dollar, with some analysts predicting a potential downgrade to junk status.

Market Pressures

AI capital expenditure is expected to hit $600 billion by 2027, up from $200 billion in 2024. Despite significant borrowing, around 80-90% of planned expenditures rely on cash flows. The mounting debt concerns have contributed to market volatility.

Following Nvidia’s earnings report on November 19, stocks initially rallied before a sharp reversal, with the S&P 500 declining 3% this month due to doubts about AI investment returns.

These reductions occurred amid a restructuring initiative aimed at making Amazon function more like a startup, with CEO Andy Jassy advocating for a leaner workforce and faster decision-making.

In the wake of these layoffs, Amazon is focusing on shifting resources towards artificial intelligence, which Jassy believes will reshape the company’s workforce. The company stated that although AI is a transformative tool, it was not the primary cause of recent job cuts.

Reports suggest that further job reductions may be forthcoming as Amazon continues to streamline. The job reductions affected multiple levels of software engineers, particularly mid-level staff, as the company cuts costs and reinforces its focus on innovation.

Job Cuts

The layoffs also included significant reductions in Amazon’s gaming division, with a focus on reducing roles tied to major game development projects. This effort reflects a broader strategy to mitigate expenses while reallocating resources towards more profitable ventures within the company.

Amazon’s ad division similarly experienced cuts, with over 140 positions eliminated, illustrating a trend of expansion and contraction within various business units in a changing economic landscape.

GPT-5.1 Instant is said to be “warmer by default and more conversational,” with early testers noting its playfulness while remaining clear and useful.

The launch follows a backlash from users after GPT-5’s release, who criticized its “colder” tone and the removal of previous models like GPT-4o. OpenAI’s CEO, Sam Altman, admitted that discontinuing GPT-4o “was a mistake” and acknowledged the emotional attachment users had to specific models.

Adaptive Reasoning

GPT-5.1 Instant introduces adaptive reasoning, which helps it determine when to “think before responding” to complex questions.

This leads to marked improvements in mathematical and coding tasks. GPT-5.1 Thinking adjusts processing time based on the task, resulting in clearer explanations and improved ease of use for various tasks.

The new version includes six personality presets, allowing users to tailor interactions. OpenAI aims for the model to integrate cognitive and emotional intelligence effectively.

For now, the rollout is for paid users, with free access occurring soon. Both models will be available via API, and legacy models will remain accessible for three months.