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Taller, leaner, faster: the evolution of the ‘perfect’ AFL body

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Hunter Bennett, University of South Australia

Geelong champion Patrick Dangerfield wowed the AFL world during last week’s preliminary final win against Hawthorn, pushing his 35-year-old body to the limit to propel his team into this year’s Grand Final.

At an age when most AFL players have retired or are slowing down, Dangerfield showcased his immense physical attributes, even prompting Hawks coach Sam Mitchell to plead: “I’m certainly ready for Dangerfield to retire.”

Now Dangerfield and his Geelong teammates will take on Brisbane for the AFL premiership in a battle between the 2022 and 2024 winners, respectively.

It has taken these athletes more than 10 months of intense training and preparation to get there. They are finely tuned machines, built to meet the rigorous demands of elite Australian rules football.

But what exactly constitutes the “perfect” AFL body? And what qualities does an AFL athlete need to succeed?

The physical demands of AFL

Australian football is an intermittent contact sport made up of frequent bursts of high-intensity activity (such as sprinting, jumping and tackling) separated by brief periods of low-intensity activity (such as standing, walking and jogging).

With this in mind, it requires players to excel in multiple physical domains to be successful:

  • Aerobic fitness: research indicates the average AFL player covers around 13 kilometres during a match, with some players even getting close to 19km. As a result, having high aerobic fitness (the ability use oxygen to create energy for physical activity) is integral to ensure they can both cover these vast distances and maintain a high level of performance
  • Repeated sprint ability: in conjunction with the ability to run for a long time, AFL athletes also need to be able to perform repeated sprints without fatiguing and losing speed – something known as “repeated sprint ability”. This is what ensures they stay fast and powerful in the latter parts of games
  • Strength: AFL is a contested sport. Players need upper and lower body strength to lay tackles, stay strong in marking contests and hold their position under contact. To illustrate this, some older research indicates the average AFL player can bench press about 125 kilograms, although there are anecdotal reports of larger players benching more than 170kg
Athletes from all AFL clubs need to do serious gym work to add strength, power and more.

Power: in conjunction with brute strength, AFL athletes also need to be explosive. This is what allows them to jump high to take a mark or make a spoil, and is a defining characteristic of elite AFL athletes. Current Greater Western Sydney player Leek Aleer holds the record for the largest running jump height in the AFL, with a whopping 107 centimetres.

Speed and agility: being able to change direction and accelerate rapidly are essential for evading opponents and creating scoring opportunities. These are often considered to be some of the most important AFL attributes. In fact, some research suggests faster players are significantly more likely to get drafted than slower players.

Decision making: AFL athletes also need to be able to make good decisions when the ball is in their hands. Making good split-second decisions allows their team to maintain possession, which can have a major influence on the outcome of a game.

Evolution of the AFL athlete

Research on the fitness of elite AFL athletes is sparse (understandably so – clubs might want to keep this information private as a competitive edge).

But we do know the physical profile of the typical AFL player has evolved dramatically over time.

Historically, players were often shorter and stockier, with an average height of around 180cm in the 1940s, and then around 184cm in the 1990s.

However, there has been a noticeable shift over the past 30 years towards taller, leaner athletes. The average height of the modern-day player is currently edging closer to 190cm, with a notable number of key position players exceeding 200cm.

We have also seen the running demands of the game increase. Over the past 20 years, the total distance athletes are travelling has increased. They are also accelerating more often and spending more time running at faster speeds.

This change has been somewhat reflected in the athletic profiles of the elite young players hoping to get drafted, with a consistent increase in the aerobic fitness of draftees over the past 20 years.

AFL preseasons can last for five months and can push athletes to their limits.

Interestingly, it has been suggested this change may largely be the result of changes in game style, where teams are adopting a less contested, faster, more free-flowing game style.

Indeed, this is something we have seen happen in the AFLW over the past few seasons, which reinforces this suggestion.

The ideal AFL body depends on the player’s position

With all this in mind, it’s important to note it’s not a one-size-fits-all approach when it comes to AFL athletes.

Different positions will have different requirements.

For example, you can expect midfielders to be fitter, more agile and physically smaller than full forwards and full backs. Conversely, you can almost guarantee key forwards and defenders will be bigger and stronger than midfielders.

The modern AFL athlete is a product of years of specific training and a deep understanding of the game’s evolving demands – and the Grand Final is the best opportunity to observe it all come to fruition.

And as the game continues to evolve, so will the ideal physical profile of its athletes.The Conversation

Hunter Bennett, Lecturer in Exercise Science, University of South Australia

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Right turn ahead. But where are the Liberals really going?

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The Liberal Party’s decision to elevate Angus Taylor marks more than a routine leadership change.

It signals a strategic wager: that repositioning toward the right can arrest electoral decline, rebuild identity, and reconnect with voters who feel politically homeless.

For many Australians, this shift will feel both familiar and uncertain.

Familiar, because the Liberal Party has historically balanced economic liberalism with selective appeals to conservative instincts. Uncertain, because the political environment confronting Taylor is vastly different from the one navigated by John Howard or Tony Abbott. Voters are more fragmented. Trust in institutions is more fragile. Cost-of-living pressures dominate kitchen-table conversations. And the party itself is divided over what it stands for.

At its core, Taylor’s leadership represents the conservative wing’s argument that clarity beats ambiguity.

After the Coalition’s bruising defeats and what many supporters viewed as an uninspiring performance under Peter Dutton, conservatives have effectively declared: this is the direction, and this is the test. If a more explicitly right-leaning Liberal leader cannot regain ground, deeper structural questions about the party’s future become unavoidable.

History is calling

Yet history offers a cautionary lesson.

The most electorally successful Liberal eras were rarely defined by ideological purity. Howard, often remembered for cultural conservatism and strong borders rhetoric, governed primarily through economic management, fiscal discipline, and structural reform. He put his Prime Ministership on the line over and over again. His political success came from persuading Labor voters that the Liberals were the safer custodians of prosperity, not from positioning the party at the ideological edges.

Howard’s battlers were people who had been left behind by Labor’s transformative years.

Importantly, political rhetoric and governing reality have never perfectly aligned.

Howard’s pre-1996 scepticism about aspects of globalisation did not prevent Australia’s continued embrace of foreign investment and economic integration. Abbott’s emphasis on border control did not redefine the broader economic consensus. Governments, regardless of campaign tone, tend to bend toward economic necessity.

Three year election cycles push candidates towards making promises they can’t keep, and the last election became a spending spree to essentially buy votes. But who pays the bill?

That question remains the defining constraint today.

In politics, either they’re in crisis, or you’re in crisis. The art is to create the circumstances where they’re tearing themselves apart.

We want everything

Across advanced Western economies, rising social expenditure, ageing populations, and productivity challenges are placing immense pressure on public finances. Migration, taxation, and growth are no longer abstract policy debates; they are mathematical realities. Governments require revenue. Economies require expansion. Voters demand services, and they want to use their Medicare card, not their credit card.

Australia’s paradox is particularly striking.

Despite extraordinary natural resource wealth, Australians shoulder relatively high income taxes to sustain public services expected of a modern developed nation. Comparisons with low-tax resource states overlook critical differences in governance models, demographics, and institutional structures. Still, the underlying voter frustration is real: people feel they are paying more while their living standards feel squeezed.

Along comes Taylor

This is where Taylor’s leadership will be tested most severely.

Not on slogans about ideology, but on economic credibility. He is, after all, a Rhodes Scholar.

For voters in their 30s and 40s, professionals, small business owners, tradespeople, families balancing mortgages and school fees, politics is increasingly filtered through lived experience. Grocery bills. Power prices. Housing affordability. Business viability. Opportunity. Risk.

These voters are rarely ideological warriors.

They are pragmatic. They value free enterprise and economic stability. They believe in personal responsibility but also expect functioning healthcare, infrastructure, and social safety nets. They are patriotic without being insular. Globally minded without being detached from local concerns.

Many of them feel underrepresented.

Labor often feels culturally distant. The Liberals often feel strategically confused. The Teals attract slices of urban discontent but do not offer a comprehensive alternative. Minor parties channel protest but rarely deliver governing pathways.

While the Greens and One Nation recognise the problems, can they offer solutions? 

The rise of parties like One Nation reflects less a wholesale ideological shift than a hunger for perceived conviction. Voters may not agree with every position, but they respond to parties that firmly stand for something.

Liberal question

The Liberal Party’s mission is different to One Nation’s. It must stand for something credible, not merely something loud. Howard, Thatcher and Regan could all stand in the loudest room, being shouted at and abused, and calmly provided an answer.

If Taylor’s leadership becomes defined primarily by trying to win back One Nation votes, the party risks reinforcing perceptions that it is speaking to narrower constituencies rather than the economic anxieties of the mainstream.

Australians  are fed up, but voters usually make a decision on “the best of a bad bunch”. So if Taylor anchors his agenda in growth, opportunity, tax reform, business confidence, and stable government, the party may rediscover its traditional electoral advantage. Albanese’s government to his credit has been without the dramas of the Rudd/Gillard or Abbott/Turnbull/Morrison years. When Labor looks stable, the conservatives have a problem.

The uncomfortable reality is this:

Governments are ultimately judged on economic outcomes and house prices. While the media seems to want house prices to fall, the millions of people who own houses want prices to go up. Their house is their number one asset, so why wouldn’t they?

Australians are living through a period of persistent financial unease. Inflationary pressures, housing stress, and business closures have created a pervasive sense that the system is under strain. Voters do not need theoretical debates about ideology. They want explanations that match what their eyes can see.

Here are some questions to answer:

Why does migration feel disconnected from personal economic improvement?

Why do higher taxes not translate into improved services?

Why do energy transitions cost so much yet we are extending the life of coal power plants?

Why do I pay for healthcare yet my private health insurance keeps going up?

Why has Australia spent so much money on defence projects that never seem to materialise?

These are not fringe questions. They are mainstream concerns about the federal government.

The opportunity for Taylor is standing right there. Just provide an answer to those questions.

A centre-right leader who articulates a coherent economic narrative, one that acknowledges voter frustrations without retreating into simplistic solutions, could find receptive audiences across metropolitan and regional Australia alike.

The bigger problem

But leadership alone cannot solve structural problems.

The Liberal Party must also confront its internal identity crisis. A party caught between traditional conservatives, economic liberals, and socially moderate urban voters cannot thrive without reconciling competing visions. Electoral recovery requires not just a new leader, but a renewed sense of purpose.

This is nothing new. Jeff Kennett papered over the cracks of the Victorian Liberals, and John Howard dealt with one disaster after another from within his own party. But that’s where leadership matters most.

Australia, like many Western democracies, is searching for stability in an era of volatility.

Global models offer limited guidance. The UK is in a worse situation than Australia, and the Tories look set to be wiped off the map. Economic headwinds are widespread. Political polarisation is deepening. The appetite for strong leadership is growing, yet so is scepticism toward populism.

Which raises the central question:

Can Angus Taylor provide the kind of leadership that speaks to pragmatic, economically focused Australians who feel increasingly politically adrift? Can he put Australia back on the right course – one that relies on organic growth rather than artificial growth spurred by high government spending?

The answer will not be found in ideology alone.

It will be found in whether the Liberal Party can once again convince voters that it understands their lives, their pressures, and their aspirations, wherever they live, and has a credible plan to improve them.

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Should the Winter Olympics be behind a paywall?

Exploring Olympic access challenges: rising sports rights, paywalls, and the impact on viewers with Darren Woolley.

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Exploring Olympic access challenges: rising sports rights, paywalls, and the impact on viewers with Darren Woolley.


The Winter Olympics are a global sporting spectacle, but should access to these events come at a cost? Rising sports rights and paywalls have left many viewers wondering how far is too far.

Darren Woolley from TrinityP3 joins Ticker to discuss the implications for fans and the broadcasting landscape.

We explore the current broadcasting regulations, the impact of paywalls on viewers, and the role of Anti-Siphoning laws in protecting free access to major events. Darren shares insights into how these policies affect the public and what changes could make Olympic coverage more accessible.

From commercial pressures to public expectations, the conversation delves into the balance between profit and access. Darren also highlights challenges in advocating for fair broadcasting practices and the conversations happening with regulators like the Australian Communications and Media Authority.

Subscribe to never miss an episode of Ticker – https://www.youtube.com/@weareticker

#WinterOlympics #SportsBroadcasting #PaywallDebate #AntiSiphoning #OlympicAccess #TickerTalks #SportsRights #DarrenWoolley


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Lunar Gateway faces delays and funding debate amid Artemis ambitions

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What’s the point of a space station around the Moon?

Berna Akcali Gur, Queen Mary University of London

The Lunar Gateway is planned space station that will orbit the Moon. It is part of the Nasa‑led Artemis programme. Artemis aims to return humans to the Moon, establishing a sustainable presence there for scientific and commercial purposes, and eventually reach Mars.

However, the modular space station now faces delays, cost concerns and potential US funding cuts. This raises a fundamental question: is an orbiting space station necessary to achieve lunar objectives, including scientific ones?

The president’s proposed 2026 budget for Nasa sought to cancel Gateway. Ultimately, push back from within the Senate led to continued funding for the lunar outpost. But debate continues among policymakers as to its value and necessity within the Artemis programme.

Cancelling Gateway would also raise deeper questions about the future of US commitment to international cooperation within Artemis. It would therefore risk eroding US influence over global partnerships that will define the future of deep space exploration.

Gateway was designed to support these ambitions by acting as a staging point for crewed and robotic missions (such as lunar rovers), as a platform for scientific research and as a testbed for technologies crucial to landing humans on Mars.

It is a multinational endeavour. Nasa is joined by four international partners, the Canadian Space Agency, the European Space Agency (Esa), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency and the United Arab Emirates’ Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre.

Schematic of the Lunar Gateway.
The Lunar Gateway.
Nasa

Most components contributed by these partners have already been produced and delivered to the US for integration and testing. But the project has been beset by rising costs and persistent debates over its value.

If cancelled, the US abandonment of the most multinational component of the Artemis programme, at a time when trust in such alliances is under unprecedented strain, could be far reaching.

It will be assembled module by module, with each partner contributing components and with the possibility of additional partners joining over time.

Strategic aims

Gateway reflects a broader strategic aim of Artemis, to pursue lunar exploration through partnerships with industry and other nations, helping spread the financial cost – rather than as a sole US venture. This is particularly important amid intensifying competition – primarily with China.

China and Russia are pursuing their own multinational lunar project, a surface base called the International Lunar Research Station. Gateway could act as an important counterweight, helping reinforce US leadership at the Moon.

In its quarter-century of operation, the ISS has hosted more than 290 people from 26 countries, alongside its five international partners, including Russia. More than 4,000 experiments have been conducted in this unique laboratory.

In 2030, the ISS is due to be succeeded by separate private and national space stations in low Earth orbit. As such, Lunar Gateway could repeat the strategic, stabilising role among different nations that the ISS has played for decades.

However, it is essential to examine carefully whether Gateway’s strategic value is truly matched by its operational and financial feasibility.

It could be argued that the rest of the Artemis programme is not dependant on the lunar space station, making its rationales increasingly difficult to defend.

Some critics focus on technical issues, others say the Gateway’s original purpose has faded, while others argue that lunar missions can proceed without an orbital outpost.

Sustainable exploration

Supporters counter that the Lunar Gateway offers a critical platform for testing technology in deep space, enabling sustainable lunar exploration, fostering international cooperation and laying the groundwork for a long term human presence and economy at the Moon. The debate now centres on whether there are more effective ways to achieve these goals.

Despite uncertainties, commercial and national partners remain dedicated to delivering their commitments. Esa is supplying the International Habitation Module (IHAB) alongside refuelling and communications systems. Canada is building Gateway’s robotic arm, Canadarm3, the UAE is producing an airlock module and Japan is contributing life support systems and habitation components.

Gateway’s Halo module at a facility in Arizona operated by aerospace company Northrop Grumman.
Nasa / Josh Valcarcel

US company Northrop Grumman is responsible for developing the Habitat and Logistics Outpost (Halo), and American firm Maxar is to build the power and propulsion element (PPE). A substantial portion of this hardware has already been delivered and is undergoing integration and testing.

If the Gateway project ends, the most responsible path forward to avoid discouraging future contributors to Artemis projects would be to establish a clear plan to repurpose the hardware for other missions.

Cancellation without such a strategy risks creating a vacuum that rival coalitions, could exploit. But it could also open the door to new alternatives, potentially including one led by Esa.

Esa has reaffirmed its commitment to Gateway even if the US ultimately reconsiders its own role. For emerging space nations, access to such an outpost would help develop their capabilities in exploration. That access translates directly into geopolitical influence.

Space endeavours are expensive, risky and often difficult to justify to the public. Yet sustainable exploration beyond Earth’s orbit will require a long-term, collaborative approach rather than a series of isolated missions.

If the Gateway no longer makes technical or operational sense for the US, its benefits could still be achieved through another project.

This could be located on the lunar surface, integrated into a Mars mission or could take an entirely new form. But if the US dismisses Gateway’s value as a long term outpost without ensuring that its broader benefits are preserved, it risks missing an opportunity that will shape its long term influence in international trust, leadership and the future shape of space cooperation.The Conversation

Berna Akcali Gur, Lecturer in Outer Space Law, Queen Mary University of London

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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